when tissue injury occurs, which cell initiates the inflammatory process by releasing chemical mediators?

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Answer 1

When tissue injury occurs, the cell that initiates the inflammatory process by releasing chemical mediators is the mast cell. Mast cells are present in various tissues, especially connective tissues and mucosal surfaces, and contain granules filled with inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.

Upon activation by physical or chemical stimuli, mast cells release these mediators, which in turn trigger the recruitment of other immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells to the site of injury. This process leads to the characteristic signs of inflammation, including redness, swelling, heat, and pain. The inflammatory response is a critical part of the body's defense mechanism against pathogens and tissue damage, but if it becomes chronic, it can contribute to the development of many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular disease.

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.__________ cells protect the central nervous system from foreign matter, such as bacteria and remnants of dead or injured cells?View Available Hint(s)NeutrophilsMonocytesMacrophagesMicroglia

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Microglia cells protect the central nervous system from foreign matter, such as bacteria and remnants of dead or injured cells.

Microglia are specialized immune cells found within the central nervous system (CNS). They act as the primary defense system for the brain and spinal cord. These cells constantly survey their environment, identifying and eliminating any potentially harmful substances or cellular debris.

When microglia detect foreign matter like bacteria or remnants of dead or injured cells, they transform into an active state, engulfing and destroying the foreign material through a process called phagocytosis. This process helps maintain the health and functionality of the CNS by preventing the accumulation of harmful substances and ensuring a stable environment for neurons to function.

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This reflex involves extrinsic eye muscles, and is controlled by the somatic nervous system.
photopupillary
convergence
accommodation pupillary

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The reflex that involves extrinsic eye muscles and is controlled by the somatic nervous system is convergence.

Convergence refers to the simultaneous inward movement of both eyes to maintain focus on a near object. This reflex is mediated by the contraction of the medial rectus muscles of the eyes, which are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III). When an object moves closer to the eyes, the visual stimulus triggers the convergence reflex, causing the eyes to rotate inward and align their visual axes on the object. This allows for binocular vision and proper focusing on nearby objects. The convergence reflex is an example of a voluntary motor response mediated by the somatic nervous system, as it involves the control of skeletal muscles.

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