Why are some pathogenic bacteria able to make toxins?

Answers

Answer 1
A pathogen is a microorganism that is able to cause disease in a plant, animal or insect. Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease in a host organism. Microbes express their pathogenicity by means of their virulence, a term which refers to the degree of pathogenicity of the microbe. Hence, the determinants of virulence of a pathogen are any of its genetic or biochemical or structural features that enable it to produce disease in a host.

The relationship between a host and a pathogen is dynamic, since each modifies the activities and functions of the other. The outcome of such a relationship depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the relative degree of resistance or susceptibility of the host, due mainly to the effectiveness of the host defense mechanisms. Staphylococcus aureus, arguably the most prevalent pathogen of humans, may cause up to one third of all bacterial diseases ranging from boils and pimples to food poisoning, to septicemia and toxic shock. Electron micrograph from Visuals Unlimited, with permission.

The Underlying Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity

Two broad qualities of pathogenic bacteria underlie the means by which they cause disease:
1. Invasiveness is the ability to invade tissues. It encompasses mechanisms for colonization (adherence and initial multiplication), production of extracellular substances which facilitate invasion (invasins) and ability to bypass or overcome host defense mechanisms.

2. Toxigenesis is the ability to produce toxins. Bacteria may produce two types of toxins called exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacterial growth. Endotoxins are cell-associated substance. (In a classic sense, the term endotoxin refers to the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria). However, endotoxins may be released from growing bacterial cells and cells that are lysed as a result of effective host defense (e.g. lysozyme) or the activities of certain antibiotics (e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins). Hence, bacterial toxins, both soluble and cell-associated, may be transported by blood and lymph and cause cytotoxic effects at tissue sites remote from the original point of invasion or growth. Some bacterial toxins may also act at the site of colonization and play a role in invasion. Acid-fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis (TB). The bacteria are the small pink-staining rods. More than one-third of the world population is infected. The organism has caused more human deaths than any other bacterium in the history of mankind. Although its ability to produce disease is multifactorial, it is not completely understood. American Society of Microbiology, with permission.

Related Questions

1)what organs make up the organ system , the circulatory system.


2)Bone tissue are shown on the left. what is the difference between tissue and specialized cells.

Answers

Answer:

1. Circulatory system is made up of your heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.

2. There isn't a photo attached. But Specialized cells perform specialized functions in multicellular organisms. Groups of specialized cells cooperate to form a tissue, such as a muscle. Different tissues are in turn grouped together to form larger functional units, called organs.

Explanation:

Which of the following best describes the cell below?
Capsule
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm,
Ribosomes
Plasmid
P
Bacterial Hagellum
Nucleoid circular DNA)
OA
prokaryotic cell
OB
plant cell
OC.
protist cell
OD
eukaryotic cell

Answers

The answer is A. Prokaryotic cell

which describes a eukaryotic cell,but not a prokaryotic cell?

Answers

Answer is c it is surrounded by cell membrane

Select the correct answer
Linda owns a great deal of land. She decides to rent her land to Andrea. However, she places certain restrictions on Andrea regarding the land use. Linda is using
which rights?
ОА. .
use rights
OB.
alienation rights
OC. management rights
OD. ownership rights

Help need answer ASAP !!

Answers

Management rights.

_______________________

Which of the following are sources of extra nutrients that can cause algae to overgrow in water due to HUMAN activity? CAREFULLY select all options that apply. List the answers.


dissolved oxygen in water

treated waste water

viruses

combined sewage overflow (CSO)

fertilizers

cleaning products

dog poop on the streets of NYC

water running over rocks


(This is 7th grade science)

Answers

I’m not sure about the rest but I think Dog poop is one

Electron transport from complex I to complex IV pumps more protons than transport from complex II to complex IV.
With this in mind, which will produce more ATP

A. Transport from complex I produces more ATP.

B. Transport from complex II produces more ATP.

C. Both produce the same amount of ATP.

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

ATP synthase uses a proton gradient to make ATP. Since transport from complex I creates a larger proton gradient, it also produces more ATP.

Electron transport from complex I produces more ATP.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN:

The electron transport chain, ETC, is the third and last stage of aerobic cellular respiration. It produces the highest molecules of ATP in cellular respiration.

The ETC involves the transfer of electrons to series of molecules in order to create an electrochemical gradient needed for ATP synthesis.

The electron transport chain is made up of four complexes namely: Complex I, II, III and IV. NADH and FADH2 produced in the Krebs cycle are the electron carriers.

Complex I pumps more hydrogen ions (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.

Since the pumped is directly related to the number of ATP molecules, complex I will produce more ATP molecules.

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If the process of meiosis shown to the right proceeds
normally, how many
chromosomes will cells A, B, C, and D have?
B

Answers

Answer:

If I’m correct it’s 15

Explanation:

What type of mutation is shown in the example below?
Original DNA: ATCGTCGTCGT
Mutated DNA: ATCGTCGTGT

Answers

It is a deletion mutation

Please help I will mark brainliest

Answers

Its b

Mark me brainliest

Explanation:

Answer:

B

Explanation:

because I already did that

PLEASE HURRY I AM TIMED!!!
Are aliens real? Explain your answer.

Answers

Answer:

No, not according to any sciences (unless you mean aliens as in immigrants)

Explanation:

There is no way that we are the only living thing in the entire world. There has to be another species out there.  They might be wondering if there is another living thing out in space too.

HELP ASAP
Joe is experimenting to determine which liquid will cause bean plants to grow faster. He watered the plants with equal amounts of liquid and measured their height every other day. The plants are in the same pots with different soils and placed in the same location. Will Joe be able to obtain reliable data to write a supported conclusion?
Yes, because he is only observing the height of the plant.
Yes, because he is consistent with watering the plants.
No, because he used different soils.
No, because he uses only one type of plant.

Answers

Answer:

No, because he used different soils.

Explanation:

which liquid will cause bean plants to grow faster.

He watered the plants with equal amounts of liquid and measured their height every other day.

The plants are in the same pots with different soils and placed in the same location.

Ok so last statement made the experiment wrong.

As a constant variable the soil should be the same for all plants only the liquid should change

6B(SCIENCE) (6BB OOB)
4
What is the difference between evaporation and boiling? *
(1 Point)
A) There is no difference - they are exactly the same.
B) Evaporation, unlike boiling, occurs at all temperatures.
C) In evaporation, unlike in boiling, there is no state change.
D) In boiling, unlike in evaporation, the liquid volume reduces.
This question is required.​

Answers

B) Evaporation , Unlike boiling, occurs at all temperatures

HURRY. Why is transcription said to be unidirectional?

Answers

Answer:

Transcription is unidirectional because you are copying only ONE side of the DNA. Remember that DNA is a double stranded helical structure. One strand of DNA is complementary to the other strand.

Explanation:

Helpppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp

Answers

Answer:

umm i dont understand your question

Explanation:

Once assembled, what is the key to a protein's unique function?​

Answers

Answer:

Once assembled, what is the key to a protein's unique function? The manner in which proteins fold is the key to their function

The endoplasmic reticulum is an important  region where protein folding occur. Because proteins need to be appropriately folded into distinct structures, this is an essential biological function.

What is importance of protein folding?

Proteins that are misfolded or are unfolded improperly impart to the pathophysiology of many illnesses.

Protein folding is a highly delicate process that is regulated by a variety of external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, chemicals, molecule crowding, electric and magnetic fields, and temperature.

These elements affect a protein's capacity to fold into the appropriate functional forms.

Therefore, Protein folding give unique properties to protein functions.

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Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of?

Answers

two long polynucleotide chains

A DNA molecule consists of two long polynucleotide chains composed of four types of nucleotide subunits. Each of these chains is known as a DNA chain, or a DNA strand. Hydrogen bonds between the base portions of the nucleotides hold the two chains together

Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of nucleotides.

What are nucleotides?

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA  and RNA adenine (A), thymine (T), guanosine (G), and Cytosine (C. In RNA, uracil (U) is present instead of thymine.

The pentose sugar is the ribose sugar in RNA and deoxyribose sugar in DNA. In deoxyribose sugar, oxygen is absent from the 3' carbon.

Phosphate groups are attached through the 5-C of pentose sugar by an ester bond. One polynucleotide chain is formed when the phosphate of one nucleotide forms a phosphodiester bond with the sugar of another nucleotide.

A double-stranded structure is formed by base pairing between nucleotides. The adenine binds to thymine by two hydrogen bonds and guanine binds to cytosine by three hydrogen bonds.

Therefore the molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of nucleotides.

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Why do the cells used for reproduction only have half (½) of the DNA that other cells have?

Answers

Answer:

Because each chromosome has a pair, these cells are called "diploid" cells. On the other hand, human sperm and egg cells have only 23 chromosomes, or half the chromosomes of a diploid cell.

Explanation:

How does evolution result in reproductive success?

Answers

Answer:

Often when species evolve, they receive a trait that may make them live longer or make it where their survival chances are significantly increased. Which in turn can make their offspring stronger and able to live longer, therefore increasing their population.

What parts of the body make up the central nervous system

Answers

Answer:

brain and spinal cord

Explanation:

that's it

which layer of the earth is made out of melted metal?

Answers

The outer core. A molten nickle- iron alloy.

What kind of inheritance is horse color an example of?

A. Complete dominance
B. Incomplete dominance
C. Co-dominance

Answers

i think the answer would be a , because of the certain color is more popular than an another based on the the gene but i can be completely wrong , correct me if i am :)

How many chromosomes would you expect to be in the daughter cells of the mosquito after mitosis? When starting with 6

Answers

Answer:

i think it would be 12 since during mitosis it creates identical daughter cells which doubles up cells.

Explanation:

Answer:

12

Explanation:

Most stars seem to move across the night sky because
a. the universe is expanding
b.the universe is getting smaller
c. Earth is orbiting the Sun
d. Earth is spinning on its axis

Answers

I think it is C but uh if its not D Hope this helps-

Explanation: because

identify and explain three environmental impacts of current agricultural methods

Answers

Explanation:

It is profit making practice but it causes increased level of pathogens.

It has increased the level of chemicals in our land and water.

It has increased levels of greenhouse gases in air.

the biotic factors of each land biome are determined by its ___
climate
organisms
location
size

Answers

Climate hope this helped

Answer:

climate

Explanation:

help need answer asap !!

Answers

Wet is irrigation Forest is paper preserving aesthetic value is park trapping sediments as water

What is the atomic mass of Sulfur that has 18 neutrons?

Answers

Answer:  32.066 atomic mass units

B is the correct option.

Can you tell me which go where?

Answers

Answer:

heredity goes to the first one

phenotype at the second one

Explanation:

How can agriculture cause soil pollution?

Answers

Agriculture pollution

Explanation:

Agriculture is a main source of pollution in lake water. chemical and fertilzer

Answer:

Pesticides and fertilizers used on crops fed to animals are a major contributor to land pollution

Explanation:

hope this helps :)

Which factor makes enzymes well-suited to the role of catalyst in a biochemical reaction?

A)Enzymes do not affect the energy of a reaction.

B)Enzymes slow down reactions so products can form.

C)Enzymes can be reused because they do not permanently bond with substrate.

D)Enzymes can only bind to other enzymes so the same product is formed each time.

Answers

Answer: C

Explanation: Once an enzyme binds to a substrate and catalyzes the reaction, the enzyme is released, unchanged, and can be used for another reaction.

Enzymes can be reused because they do not permanently bond with substrate.

What are Enzymes?

A biological catalyst called an enzyme is usually always a protein. It accelerates a certain chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is continuously employed during the reaction and is not destroyed. Each enzyme molecule found in a cell is unique and tailored to a particular chemical reaction.

Proteins called enzymes assist our bodies' chemical reactions move forward more quickly. For several processes, including digestion and liver function, enzymes are crucial.

Health issues might result from having too much or too little of a specific enzyme. Healthcare professionals can also use the enzymes in our blood to look for injuries and illnesses.

Therefore, Enzymes can be reused because they do not permanently bond with substrate.

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